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পারমাণবিক সংখ্যা ও পারমাণবিক ভর সংখ্যা

একাদশ- দ্বাদশ শ্রেণি - রসায়ন রসায়ন- প্রথম পত্র | - | NCTB BOOK

পারমাণবিক সংখ্যা এবং ভর সংখ্যা (Atomic Number and Mass Number) :

পারমাণবিক সংখ্যা বা ভর-ক্রমাঙ্ক (Atomic Number) : কোনো মৌলের পরমাণুর নিউক্লিয়াসে অবস্থিত ধনাত্মক তড়িতের মোট একক সংখ্যাকে ওই মৌলের পারমাণবিক সংখ্যা বা পরমাণু-ক্রমাঙ্ক বলে ।

যেহেতু, প্রত্যেক প্রোটনে ধনাত্মক তড়িতের পরিমাণ এক একক ; সুতরাং, কোনো পরমাণুর নিউক্লিয়াসে অবস্থিত প্রোটনগুলির মোট সংখ্যাই হল ওই পারমাণবিক সংখ্যা । পারমাণবিক সংখ্যাকে 'Z' অক্ষর দ্বারা প্রকাশ করা হয় ।

ভর সংখ্যা (Mass Number) : কোনো মৌলের একটি পরমাণুর নিউক্লিয়াসের মধ্যে অবস্থিত প্রোটন এবং নিউট্রনের মোট সংখ্যাকে ওই মৌলের বা পরমাণুর ভরসংখ্যা বলে । অর্থাৎ ভরসংখ্যা =  প্রোটন সংখ্যা + নিউট্রন সংখ্যা । ভরসংখ্যাকে 'A' অক্ষর দিয়ে প্রকাশ করা হয় ।

ভর সংখ্যা এবং পারমাণবিক সংখ্যার মধ্যে সম্পর্ক : কোনো মৌলের পরমাণুতে যদি P -সংখ্যক প্রোটন এবং N -সংখ্যক নিউট্রন থাকে, তাহলে

পরমাণুটির ভরসংখ্যা (A) =  প্রোটন-সংখ্যা (P) + নিউট্রন-সংখ্যা (N)

যেহেতু, প্রোটন-সংখ্যা (P) = পারমাণবিক-সংখ্যা (Z)

অতএব, ভরসংখ্যা (A) =  পারমাণবিক-সংখ্যা (Z) + নিউট্রন-সংখ্যা (N) বা Z = A - N

অক্সিজেনের পারমাণবিক সংখ্যা (Z) = 8 এবং ভর-সংখ্যা (A) = 16 ; সুতরাং অক্সিজেনকে 8O16 লিখে প্রকাশ করা হয় ।

পারমাণবিক ভর (Atomic mass) : একটি কার্বন-12(6C12) পরমাণুর ভর 12 ধরে অন্য কোনো মৌলের একটি C-12 পরমাণুর ভরের 1/12 অংশ অপেক্ষা যতগুণ ভারী, সেই সংখ্যাকে মৌলটির পারমাণবিক ভর বা পারমাণবিক গুরুত্ব বলে । অর্থাৎ

মৌলের পারমাণবিক ভর = মৌলের 1টি পরমাণুর ভর / 1টি C-12 পরমাণুর ভরের 1/12 অংশ

সমজাতীয় দুটি রাশির অনুপাত হওয়ায় মৌলের পারমাণবিক ভর একটি এককহীন সংখ্যা মাত্র ।

পারমাণবিক ভর একক (Atomic Mass Unit, সংক্ষেপে amu বা u) :

সংজ্ঞা:- কোনো মৌলের একটি পরমাণুর প্রকৃত ভরকে যে একক দ্বারা প্রকাশ করা হয়, সেই একককে পারমাণবিক ভর একক বলা হয় ।

এক পারমাণবিক ভর একক (amu বা u) =112×1112×1টি C-12 পরমাণুর প্রকৃত ভর ।

এখান, 1টি কার্বন পরমাণুর ভর =126.023×1023126.023×1023 গ্রাম

সুতরাং, এক পারমাণবিক ভর একক (amu বা u) =112×126.023×1023112×126.023×1023 গ্রাম =1.6603×10−241.6603×1024গ্রাম =1.6603×10−271.6603×1027কেজি । এক পারমাণবিক ভর একক (amu বা u) -কে এক ডালটন (Dalton, সংক্ষেপে Da) ও বলা হয় ।

এই এককে প্রোটনের ভর (mp) = 1.0072766 amu বা u

নিউট্রনের ভর (mn) = 1.0086654 amu বা u

ইলেকট্রনের ভর (me) = 0.00055 amu বা u

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Request history8.2.27PHP Version141msRequest Duration40MBMemory UsageGET admission/{slug}Route
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      uri
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      22 statements were executed (2 duplicates)Show only duplicates13.3ms
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        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:89
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
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        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:117
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        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:132
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        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:135
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        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:135
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:131
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:52
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        Bindings
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        • 1: 7426
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:320
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:67
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
      • SubjectRepository.php#335debugerror_satt220μsselect `videos`.`video_src_url`, `mediables`.`mediable_id` as `chapter_id` from `videos` inner join `mediables` on `mediables`.`mediable_id` = `videos`.`id` where `videos`.`id` = 0 and `videos`.`video_src` = 'youtube' and `videos`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        • 1: youtube
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:335
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:68
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
      • SubjectService.php#73debugerror_satt1.55msselect `id`, `name`, `main_category_id`, `slug` from `subjects` where `id` <> 7426 and `parent_id` = 7415 and `main_category_id` = 3 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 5
        Bindings
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        • 1: 7415
        • 2: 3
        Backtrace
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:73
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:266
      • restrict.blade.php#30debugerror_satt190μsselect * from `package_plans` where `status` = 'active' and `package_plans`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: active
        Backtrace
        • view::includes.restrict:30
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:75
      App\Models\Subject
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      App\Models\PackagePlan
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      App\Models\SubjectDescription
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      App\Models\User
      1User.php#?
      App\Models\SubCategory
      1SubCategory.php#?
      App\Models\Question
      1Question.php#?
      App\Models\QuestionOption
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